1.
Reproductive and Productive Performance of Dairy Animals Maintained at Mulitary Dairy Farm Lahore Cantt.
by Abrar Ahmed | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: NILI RAVI BUFFALOES
Average age at maturitywas 829.11 ± 30.34 days. Heiferscalved in1999 and 2008 were found to have maximum and minimum age at maturity, respectively. Heifers calved during the winter and dry summer season were found to have maximum and minimum age at maturity, respectively. Mean birth weight of calves was found 28.16±2.8 kg. The effect of birth weight on age at maturity was found to be significant and it was observed that 1 kg increase in birth weight resulted in 16 days decrease in age at maturity. Average age at first conception was 923.37 ± 30.34 days. Heifers calved in 1996 and 2008 were found to have maximum and minimum age at first conception, respectively. Heifers calved during the winter and dry summer season were found to have maximum and minimum age at first conception, respectively. Average age at first calving was 1295.66 ± 62.91 days. Heifers calved in 2002 and 2008 were found to have maximum and minimum age at first calving, respectively. Heifers calved during the dry summer andautumn season were found to have maximum and minimum age at first calving, respectively. Average service period was 164.1 ± 30.15 days. Maximum and minimum service period was in year of 2002 and 2008, respectively. In dry summer and autumn season, service period was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 11th and 10thlactation, service period was maximum and minimum, respectively.Average services per conception were 1.95 ± 0.23. Maximum and minimum services per conception were in 2005 and 2008, respectively. In humid summer and autumn season, services per conception were maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 9th lactation, the services per conception were maximum and minimum, respectively. Average gestation period was 310.90 ± 3.07 days. Maximum and minimum gestation periodwas in 2000 and 2009 2009 respectively. In humid summer and dry summer season, gestation period?
was maximum and minimum respectively. In 12th and 8th lactation, the gestation period was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average calving interval was 474.59 ± 29.88 days. Maximum and minimum calving interval was in 2005 and 2001, respectively. In dry summer and autumn season, calving interval was maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 10th lactation, calving interval was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average milk yield was 1973.15 ± 53.23 liters. Maximum and minimum milk yield was in 2010 and 2002, respectively. In winter and spring season, milk yield was maximum and minimum respectively. In 4th and 11th lactation, milk yield was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average lactation length was 295.23 ± 64.30 days. Maximum and minimum lactation length was 2001 and 2000, respectively. In spring and humid summer season, lactation length was maximum and minimum respectively. In 10th and 11th lactation, lactation length was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average dry period was 184.93 ± 30.99 days. Maximum and minimum dry period was in 2005 and 2001, respectively. In dry summer and autumn season, dry period was maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 10th lactation, dry period was maximum and minimum, respectively.
CROSSBRED COWS
Average age at maturity was 828.33 ± 20.39 days. Heifers calved during the year of 1998 and 1997 were found to have maximum and minimum age at maturity, respectively. Heifers calved during the humid summer and winter season were found to have maximum and minimum age at maturity, respectively. In 15/16 and 1 /2 crossbred level, age at maturity was maximum and minimum, respectively. Mean birth weight of crossbred cow calves was found 23.35 ± 2.8 kg. The effect of birth weight on age at maturity was found to be significant and it was observed that 1 kg increase in birth weight resulted in 07 days decrease in age at maturity. Average age at first conception was 944.18 ± 30.42 days. Heifers calved in 2004 and 1996 were found to have maximum and minimum age at first conception, respectively. Heifers calved during the humid summer and dry summer season were found to have maximum and minimum age at first conception, respectively. In 15/16 and 1 /2 crossbred level, age at first conception was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average age at first calving was 1245.29 ± 40.96 days. Heifers calved in 2008 and 1995 were found to have maximum and minimum age at first calving, respectively. Heifers calved during autumn and winter season were found to have maximum and minimum age at first calving, respectively. In 7/8 and 5/8 crossbred level, age at first calving was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average service period was 252.83 ± 32.56 days. Maximum and minimum service period was in year of 2006 and 2010, respectively. In winter and humid summer season, service period was maximum and minimum respectively. In 10th and 8th lactation, service period was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 7/8 and 15/16 crossbred level, service period was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average services per conception were 2.13 ± 0.31. Maximum and minimum services per conception were in 1999 and 2002, respectively. In winter and dry summer season, services per conception were maximum and minimum respectively. In 9th and 8th lactation, the services per conception were maximum and minimum, respectively. In 15/16 and 5/8 crossbred level, services per conception were maximum and minimum, respectively. Average gestation period was 278.90 ± 4.36 days. Maximum and minimum gestation period was in 2010 and 2003 respectively. In autumn and winter season, gestation period was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 2nd and 7th lactation, the gestation period was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 7/8 and 15/16 crossbred level, gestation period was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average calving interval was 507.03 ± 33.61 days. Maximum and minimum calving interval was in 2006 and 2000, respectively. In winter and humid summer season, calving interval was maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 10th lactation, calving interval was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 5/8 and 15/16 crossbred level, calving interval was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average milk yield was 2141.05 ± 90.10 liters. Maximum and minimum milk yield was in 2008 and 2003, respectively. In dry summer and autumn season, milk yield was maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 1st lactation, milk yield was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 15/16 and 3/4 crossbred level, milk yield was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average lactation length was279.31 ± 8.33 days. Maximum and minimum lactation length was 2001 and 2003, respectively. In dry summer and autumn season, lactation length was maximum and minimum respectively. In 11th and 5th lactation, lactation length was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 3/4 and 15/16 crossbred level, lactation length was maximum and minimum, respectively. Average dry period was 238.64 ± 33.93 days. Maximum and minimum dry period was in 2006 and 2000, respectively. In winter and humid summer season, dry period was maximum and minimum respectively. In 5th and 11th lactation, dry period was maximum and minimum, respectively. In 5/8 and 15/16 crossbred level, dry period was maximum and minimum, respectively.
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8.
Optimization Of Strontium Chloride For Parthenogenetic Activation Of Mouse Oocytes
by Arslan Mahmood Ahmad (2007-VA-67) | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: There are two main methods by which activation can be performed: (i) physical methods and (ii) chemical methods. Physical methods include electrical stimulation, temperate and mechanical ways, whereas the chemical methods comprise of different artificial chemical agents, including strontium chloride, calcium ionophores, ethanol that promote to rise in intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, cycloheximide, that inhibit protein synthesis and 6-DMAP (6-dimethyl amino purine) which inhibit protein phosphorylation.
The contribution of both maternal and paternal genomes is required for thedevelopment to full term of mammalian embryos. However, the percentage of parthenogeneticallyactivated embryos developing to blastocyst stage is lower as compared to normal fertilized embryos. (Renard et al. 1991).In mouse, strontium chloride has been successfully employed in manydifferent studies to induce artificial oocyte activation. The role of strontium to induce calcium oscillations appears to be more physiologically sound than alternativemethods of oocyte activation that produce a monotonic rise in calcium.Strontium chloride (SrCl2) is recognized as one of the most popular parthenogenetic agents for mouse oocytes activation and induces calcium oscillations leads to improved activation rate and blastocyst formation. (Locham-kaplan et al. 2003) (Satoshi et al. 2006).
The diploid parthenogenetic oocytes have more developmental competence as compared to haploid form(Liu et al. 2002). A substancecytochalasin B (CB) prevents the release of the second polar body after activation of mammalian oocyte which results in diploid form of embryo (Fukui et al. 1992) and it may also contribute to prevent fragmentation and degradation of embryos ( Yi and Park 2005).
Parthenogenetic oocyte activation technique is mainly used in cloning and is a key step for nuclear transfer for cloning. The technique is also useful for understanding of physiological mechanisms of fertilization and early embryonic development. Embryonic stem cells can be derived from fertilized embryos. The stem cells which are produced by parthenogenetic activation have the same totipotency and proliferation as formed by normal sperm-egg fertilization..( Ju et.al 2008). Resultantly, parthenogenetic activation technology has become a target of reproductive biology. This technology can also be used to establish embryonic stem cell lines (Mizutani et al. 2004) and embryonic stems cells are the fundamental source in field of regenerative medicine; used to treat many diseases such as diabetes, beta thalassemia, heart infarction etc by providing patient specific replacement cells.
Mouse is one of the most commonly animal models used for parthenogenetic activation. The other animals which have been used for parthenogenetic activation include rabbits, cattle, sheep, horses, monkeys and pigs. Parthenogenetic embryos are failed to develop to term, due to genomic imprinting, an epigenetic change of certain genes, depending on the parent of origin.(Uranga and Arechaga 1997). The studies pertaining to parthenogenetic activation technology for mouse oocytes is extremely limited at present (Mizutani et al. 2004).
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